Engineering Questions with Answers - Multiple Choice Questions
Computational Fluid Dynamics – Governing Equations – Velocity Divergence
1 - Question
In mathematical terms, how can the divergence of a velocity vector (V⃗ ) be represented?
a) ∇.V⃗
b) ∇V⃗
c) ∇×V⃗
d) V⃗ ×∇
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: ∇.V⃗ represents the divergence of a vector. ∇V⃗ is gradient which is not possible for a vector. ∇×V⃗ is the curl of a vector. V⃗ ×∇ does not represent any property.
2 - Question
For a control volume moving along with the flow, which of these properties is a constant?
a) Volume
b) Shape
c) Mass
d) Velocity
View Answer
Explanation: Mass of a control volume moving along with the flow will not vary. It is constant with time. The volume, shape and velocity of the control volume may not be the same at all points of time.
3 - Question
The time rate of change of a control volume moving along with the flow is represented by substantial derivative. Why?
a) Because the change is substantial
b) Because the change is more
c) Because of control volume
d) Because it is moving with the flow
View Answer
Explanation: As the control volume moves along with the flow, their position coordinates continuously vary with time. This needs a substantial derivative. advertisement
4 - Question
What is the physical meaning of divergence of velocity?
a) Time rate of change of the volume per unit volume
b) Time rate of change of the volume of a moving fluid element per unit volume
c) Time rate of change of the volume
d) Time rate of change of the volume of a moving fluid element
View Answer
Explanation: Divergence of velocity of a moving fluid model physically means that “time rate of change of the volume of a moving fluid element per unit volume”.
5 - Question
Divergence of velocity appears in the governing equations for _____________
a) infinitesimally small elements
b) stationary models
c) moving models
d) finite control volumes
View Answer
Explanation: Divergence of velocity involves the change of volume of the fluid model. For stationary models, volume does not change. So, this applies for only moving fluid elements.
6 - Question
Let (V⃗ Δt).ds→ be the change in volume of elemental control volume in time Δt. Over the same time Δt, what is the change in volume of the whole control volume V with control surface S?
a) ∫(V⃗ Δt).ds→
b) V⃗ Δt
c) ∑(V⃗ Δt).ds→
d) ∬s(V⃗ Δt).ds→
View Answer
Explanation: The change in volume of the whole control volume is the summation of (V⃗ Δt).ds→ over the total control surface S. This summation becomes integral as ds→ is elemental. Therefore, ∬s(V⃗ Δt).ds→ is the total change.
7 - Question
Consider a small control volume V with the surface dS with a normal vector n⃗ . This moves in a fluid flow in time Δt into another position at a velocity V⃗ (V in the diagram). What is the change in volume of this small control volume ΔV?
a) [(V⃗ Δt).n⃗ ]
b) [(V⃗ Δt).n⃗ ]dS
c) [(V⃗ Δt)]dS
d) [(V⃗ ).n⃗ ]dS
View Answer
Explanation: The change in control volume can be calculated as the volume of a cylinder with altitude (V⃗ Δt).n⃗ (product of velocity and time) and base area dS.
8 - Question
The time rate of change of volume represented by the following equation corresponds to _________
DVDt=∭V(∇.V⃗ )dV Where
V → Control volume
V⃗ → Velocity with which the control volume moves.
a) Control volume moving along with the flow
b) Infinitesimal element moving along with the flow
c) Control volume stationary
d) Infinitesimal element stationary
View Answer
Explanation: Stationary models do not have a substantial derivative. If it is not control volume, volume integral is unnecessary. So, the model for this equation is ‘Control volume moving along with the flow’.
9 - Question
For infinitesimally small element (with volume δV) moving along with the flow with velocity V⃗ , which of these equations represent the divergence of velocity?
a) ∇.V⃗ =1δVd(δV)dt
b) ∇.V⃗ =D(δV)dt
c) ∇.V⃗ =1δVD(δV)dt
d) ∇.V⃗ =d(δV)dt
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For control volumes,
DVDt=∭V(∇.V⃗ )dV
For infinitesimal elements, V can be represented as δ V. Therefore,
D(δV)Dt=∭δV(∇.V⃗ )dV
As the elements are infinitesimally small, ∇.V⃗ is the same for all elements. Hence,
D(δV)Dt=(∇.V⃗ )δV
∇V⃗ =1δVD(δV)Dt.
10 - Question
Expand divergence of velocity ∇.V⃗ for a one-dimensional flow.
a) ∂u∂x+∂v∂y+∂w∂z
b) ∂u∂x
c) dudx+dvdy+dwdz
d) DV⃗ Dt
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Here,
∂∂xi⃗ +∂∂yj⃗ +∂∂zk⃗
V⃗ =ui⃗ +vj⃗ +wk⃗
∇.V⃗ =∂u∂x+∂v∂y+∂w∂z
For one-dimensional flow,
∇.V⃗ =∂u∂x.