Engineering Questions with Answers - Multiple Choice Questions
Aerodynamics – Mach Number Independence
1 - Question
At which flow regime does aerodynamic quantities such as coefficient of pressure, lift become independent of Mach number?
a) Subsonic
b) Supersonic
c) Transonic
d) Hypersonic
View Answer
Explanation: For flows above Mach number 5 i.e. hypersonic flow, it is seen that the aerodynamic quantities such as coefficient of pressure, coefficient of life and wave drag become independent of the Mach number. This aspect was even described by Newton while formulating his Newtonian theory which states the coefficient of pressure is independent of Mach number at hypersonic speed.
2 - Question
Which of these equations represents non – dimensionalize continuity equation?
a) ∂(ρ¯¯¯u¯¯¯)∂x¯¯¯ + ∂(ρ¯¯¯v¯¯¯)∂y¯¯¯ + ∂(ρ¯¯¯w¯¯¯¯)∂z¯¯¯ = 0
b) ρ u∂u¯¯¯∂x¯¯¯ + ρ u ∂v¯¯¯∂y¯¯¯ + ρ u ∂w¯¯¯¯∂z¯¯¯ = 0
c) ρ u∂u¯¯¯∂x¯¯¯ + ρ u ∂v¯¯¯∂y¯¯¯ + ρ u ∂w¯¯¯¯∂z¯¯¯ = –∂p¯¯¯∂x¯¯¯
d) ρ u∂u¯¯¯∂x¯¯¯ + ρ u ∂v¯¯¯∂y¯¯¯ + ρ u ∂w¯¯¯¯∂z¯¯¯ = –∂p¯¯¯∂y
View Answer
Explanation: In order to non – dimensionlize the continuity equation, we have to define the non – dimensional variables as follows: x = xl, y = yl, z = zl, p = pρ∞V2∞, ρ = ρρ∞ Where, x, y, z are velocity components l is characteristic length ρ∞ is free stream density V∞ is free stream velocity The continuity equation is given by ∂ρ∂t + ∂ρu∂x + ∂ρv∂y + ∂ρw∂z = 0 Since the flow is assumed to be steady, ∂ρ∂t = 0. Substituting non – dimensional variables in the above equation we get ∂(ρ¯¯¯u¯¯¯)∂x¯¯¯ + ∂(ρ¯¯¯v¯¯¯)∂y¯¯¯ + ∂(ρ¯¯¯w¯¯¯¯)∂z¯¯¯ = 0
3 - Question
Which boundary condition applied at the surface to non dimensionlize the governing equations?
a) V.n = 0
b) V × n = 0
c) V.(V × n) = 0
d) V × (V × n) = 0
View Answer
Explanation: While non dimensionalising the governing equations for steady inviscid flow, the boundary condition applied is that the flow of tangent to the surface. This means that if V is the velocity vector and n is the unit normal vector at the surface, then for the flow to be tangent, V.n = 0.
4 - Question
Boundary condition V.n = 0 is applied at the surface to non dimensionlize the governing equations when fluid is being transferred.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: When there is no fluid transfer taking place between the surface, then in order to non dimensionalising the governing equations, we use the boundary condition V.n = 0. But, when there is transfer of fluid in or out of the surface then normal velocity vT has to be incorporated thus altering the boundary condition as V.n = vT.
5 - Question
For a flow with Mach number 4, P1 = 2.65 × 104 Pa what is the pressure behind the oblique shock wave having shock angle as 30 degrees?
a) 8.525 × 104 Pa
b) 11.925 × 104 Pa
c) 4.502 × 104 Pa
d) 15.278 × 104 Pa
View Answer
Explanation: Given, P1 = 2.65 × 104 Pa, M1 = 4, β = 30° The normal component of the Mach number upstream of the shockwave is given by: Mn1 = M1sinβ = 4sin(30) = 2 Using the normal shock table, for Mn1 = 2 we get the relation between the pressure upstream and downstream P2P1 = 4.5 Since P1 = 2.65 × 104, we get P2 = 4.5 × 2.65 × 104 = 11.925 × 104 Pa.
6 - Question
What happens to the pressure behind an oblique shock wave at very high Mach numbers?
a) p2 = 2sin2βγ+1
b) p2 = γ–1γ+1
c) p2 = 1 – 2sin2βγ+1
d) p2 = 2sin2βγ+1
View Answer
Explanation: For the flow past an oblique shock, the pressure downstream of the shock wave is given by: p2p∞ = 1 + 2γγ+1(M2∞sin2β – 1) We non dimensionalize this equation as p2p∞=p¯¯¯2(ρ∞V2∞)p∞=p¯¯¯2V2∞RT∞=p¯¯¯2γV2∞a2∞ = p2γM2∞ Thus the non dimensionlised pressure behind the oblique shock is p2 = 1γM2∞+2γ+1(sin2β –1M2∞) For a very high Mach number at hypersonic flow, we apply the limit M∞ → ∞, resulting in p2 = 2sin2βγ+1
7 - Question
Mach number independence for conical cylinder is achieved at a lower Mach number compared to the sphere.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Explanation: The coefficient of drag over both conical cylinder and sphere becomes independent after a certain higher Mach number. This is known as Mach number independence. Although, this Mach number independence for sphere is achieve at a lower Mach number compared to the conical slender because for slender bodies, the Mach number independence occurs at a lower Mach number.